Ice Lakes is an ultimate ice fishing game with a sandbox approach to wintertime fishing. Rare subject, stunning graphics, realistic physics, fish behavior system, wide selection of fishing gear, single and multiplayer with different game modes in the various locations around the world, changing season, day time and weather conditions that also affect fish behavior makes Ice Lakes the ultimate. Ice Cracking Lodge, Ponsford, MN. 4,310 likes 51 talking about this 4,094 were here. Welcome to our Ice Cracking Facebook Page. Thanks for looking! Feb 17, 2019 - Houdini whitewater shader R&D The Houdini uniform volume shader is very efficient for rendering whitewater. Unfortunately, it doesn't come with reflect. An ice wall melted and created cracking sounds on Leech Lake. Sonja Boever filmed a mesmerizing video, which she posted on her Instagram page on November 27, that showed the ice blocks piled up.
Ice Lakes California
Ice Cracking Lodge, Ponsford, MN. 4,310 likes 51 talking about this 4,094 were here. Welcome to our Ice Cracking Facebook Page. Thanks for looking! Realmyst: masterpiece edition for mac.
A pressure ridge develops in an ice cover as a result of a stress regime established within the plane of the ice. Within sea ice expanses, pressure ridges originate from the interaction between floes,[note 1] as they collide with each other.[3][4][5][6] Currents and winds are the main driving forces, but the latter are particularly effective when they have a predominant direction.[7] Pressure ridges are made up of angular ice blocks of various sizes that pile up on the floes. The part of the ridge that is above the water surface is known as the sail; that below it as the keel.[note 2] Pressure ridges are the thickest sea ice features and account for about one-half of the total sea ice volume.[2]Stamukhi are pressure ridges that are grounded and that result from the interaction between fast ice and the drifting pack ice.[8][9]
Internal structure[edit]
The blocks making up pressure ridges are mostly from the thinner ice floe involved in the interaction, but it can also include pieces from the other floe if it is not too thick.[6] In the summer, the ridge can undergo a significant amount of weathering, which turns it into a smooth hill. During this process, the ice loses its salinity (as a result of brine drainage). This is known as an aged ridge.[3][4] A consolidated ridge is one whose base has undergone complete freezing.[3][4] The term consolidated layer is used to designate freezing up of the rubble just below the water line.[7] The existence of a consolidated layer depends on air temperature — in this layer, the water between individual blocks is frozen, with a resulting reduction in porosity and an increase in mechanical strength. A keel's depth of an ice ridge is much higher than its sail's height - typically about four times. The keel is also 2-3 times wider than the sail.[10]
Thickness[edit]
One of the largest pressure ridges on record had a sail extending 12 metres (39 ft) above the water surface, and a keel depth of 45 metres (148 ft).[6] The total thickness for a multiyear ridge was reported to be 40 metres (130 ft).[11] On average, total thickness ranges between 5 metres (16 ft) and 30 metres (98 ft),[2] with a mean sail height that remains below 2 metres (6.6 ft).[7]
Characterization methods[edit]
The physical characterization of pressure ridges can be done using the following methods:[7]
- Mechanical drilling, whereby augers designed for ice are driven through the ridge, and the core retrieved for analysis.
- Surveying, whereby a level, theodolite or a differential GPS system is used to determine sail geometry.
- Thermal drilling – drilling involving melting of the ice.
- Observation of the ice canopy by scuba divers.
- Upward looking sonars.
- A series of thermistors, to monitor temperature changes.
- Electromagnetic induction, from the ice surface or from an aircraft.
Interest for pressure ridges[edit]
From an offshore engineering and naval perspective, there are three reasons why pressure ridges are a subject of investigation.[2] Firstly, because the highest loads applied on offshore structures operating in cold oceans by drift ice are associated with these features. Secondly, when pressure ridges drift into shallower areas, their keel may come into contact with the seabed, thereby representing a risk for subsea pipelines (see Seabed gouging by ice) and other seabed installations. Thirdly, they have a significant impact on navigation. In the Arctic, ridged ice makes up about 40% of the overall mass of sea ice.[10]
This document contains solutions to selected problems in Peter J. Brockwell and Richard A. Davis,Introduction to Time Series and Fore- casting,2nd Edition, Springer New York, 2002. We provide solutions to most of the problems in the book that are not computer exercises. That is, you will not need a computer to solve these problems. The Programming Manual provides a complete discussion of many of the programming tasks used in time-series econometrics. STATA was included since it is a popular package that most would not consider to be a time-series package. Nevertheless, as shown below, STATA can produce almost all of the results obtained in the text. Time series analysis hamilton solution manual pdf.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pressure ridge (ice). |
Notes[edit]
- ^A floe is any individual piece of sea ice larger than 20 metres (66 ft).
- ^These terms also apply for any floating ice feature, such as icebergs.
References[edit]
- ^Timco, G. W. & Burden, R. P. (1997). An analysis of the shapes of sea ice ridges. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 25, pp. 65-77.
- ^ abcdLeppäranta, M. (2005). The Drift of Sea Ice. Springer-Verlag, New York, 266 p.
- ^ abchttp://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/index.htmlArchived 2012-10-28 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ abc'Erreur HTTP 404 - non trouvé'. Archived from the original on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
- ^http://www.aari.nw.ru/gdsidb/XML/volume1.php?lang1=0&lang2=1&arrange=1Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ abcWeeks, W. F. (2010) On sea ice. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, 664 p.
- ^ abcdStrub-Klein, L. & Sudom, D. (2012). A comprehensive analysis of the morphology of first-year sea ice ridges. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 82, pp. 94-109.
- ^Barnes, P.W., D., McDowell & Reimnitz, E. (1978). Ice gouging characteristics: Their changing patterns from 1975-1977, Beaufort Sea, Alaska. United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Open File Report 78-730, Menlo Park, U.S.A., 42 p.
- ^Ogorodov, S.A. & Arkhipov, V.V. (2010) Caspian Sea bottom scouring by hummocky ice floes. Doklady Earth Sciences, 432, 1, pp. 703-707.
- ^ abWadhams, P. (2000). Ice in the Ocean. Gordon and Breach Science Publ., London, 351 p.
- ^Johnston, M., Masterson, D. & Wright, B. (2009). Multi-year ice thickness: knowns and unknowns. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions (POAC), Luleå, Sweden.
Ice Lakes Cracker
One of the largest pressure ridges on record had a sail extending 12 metres (39 ft) above the water surface, and a keel depth of 45 metres (148 ft).[6] The total thickness for a multiyear ridge was reported to be 40 metres (130 ft).[11] On average, total thickness ranges between 5 metres (16 ft) and 30 metres (98 ft),[2] with a mean sail height that remains below 2 metres (6.6 ft).[7]
Characterization methods[edit]
The physical characterization of pressure ridges can be done using the following methods:[7]
- Mechanical drilling, whereby augers designed for ice are driven through the ridge, and the core retrieved for analysis.
- Surveying, whereby a level, theodolite or a differential GPS system is used to determine sail geometry.
- Thermal drilling – drilling involving melting of the ice.
- Observation of the ice canopy by scuba divers.
- Upward looking sonars.
- A series of thermistors, to monitor temperature changes.
- Electromagnetic induction, from the ice surface or from an aircraft.
Interest for pressure ridges[edit]
From an offshore engineering and naval perspective, there are three reasons why pressure ridges are a subject of investigation.[2] Firstly, because the highest loads applied on offshore structures operating in cold oceans by drift ice are associated with these features. Secondly, when pressure ridges drift into shallower areas, their keel may come into contact with the seabed, thereby representing a risk for subsea pipelines (see Seabed gouging by ice) and other seabed installations. Thirdly, they have a significant impact on navigation. In the Arctic, ridged ice makes up about 40% of the overall mass of sea ice.[10]
This document contains solutions to selected problems in Peter J. Brockwell and Richard A. Davis,Introduction to Time Series and Fore- casting,2nd Edition, Springer New York, 2002. We provide solutions to most of the problems in the book that are not computer exercises. That is, you will not need a computer to solve these problems. The Programming Manual provides a complete discussion of many of the programming tasks used in time-series econometrics. STATA was included since it is a popular package that most would not consider to be a time-series package. Nevertheless, as shown below, STATA can produce almost all of the results obtained in the text. Time series analysis hamilton solution manual pdf.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pressure ridge (ice). |
Notes[edit]
- ^A floe is any individual piece of sea ice larger than 20 metres (66 ft).
- ^These terms also apply for any floating ice feature, such as icebergs.
References[edit]
- ^Timco, G. W. & Burden, R. P. (1997). An analysis of the shapes of sea ice ridges. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 25, pp. 65-77.
- ^ abcdLeppäranta, M. (2005). The Drift of Sea Ice. Springer-Verlag, New York, 266 p.
- ^ abchttp://nsidc.org/cryosphere/seaice/index.htmlArchived 2012-10-28 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ abc'Erreur HTTP 404 - non trouvé'. Archived from the original on 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
- ^http://www.aari.nw.ru/gdsidb/XML/volume1.php?lang1=0&lang2=1&arrange=1Archived 2013-12-03 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ abcWeeks, W. F. (2010) On sea ice. University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks, 664 p.
- ^ abcdStrub-Klein, L. & Sudom, D. (2012). A comprehensive analysis of the morphology of first-year sea ice ridges. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 82, pp. 94-109.
- ^Barnes, P.W., D., McDowell & Reimnitz, E. (1978). Ice gouging characteristics: Their changing patterns from 1975-1977, Beaufort Sea, Alaska. United States Department of the Interior, Geological Survey Open File Report 78-730, Menlo Park, U.S.A., 42 p.
- ^Ogorodov, S.A. & Arkhipov, V.V. (2010) Caspian Sea bottom scouring by hummocky ice floes. Doklady Earth Sciences, 432, 1, pp. 703-707.
- ^ abWadhams, P. (2000). Ice in the Ocean. Gordon and Breach Science Publ., London, 351 p.
- ^Johnston, M., Masterson, D. & Wright, B. (2009). Multi-year ice thickness: knowns and unknowns. Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions (POAC), Luleå, Sweden.